PG budgeted sales for 20X8 were 5,000 units. The standard contribution is $9.60 per unit. A recession in?20X8 meant that the market for PG's products declined by 5%. PG's market share also fell by 3%. Actual?sales were 4,500 units.?
Required?
Calculate planning and operational variances for sales volume.?
Planning variance??
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Units?
Original budgeted sales? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?5,000?
Revised budget sales (–5%)? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?4,750??
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?250 A?
@ Contribution per unit of $9.60? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?$2,400?
Operational variance??
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Units?
Revised budget sales? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4,750?
Actual sales? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4,500??
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?250 A?
@ Contribution per unit of $9.60? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?$2,400?
The fall in market size is uncontrollable by the management of PG and therefore results in a planning?variance. The fall in market share is controllable and forms part of the operational variance.?
多做幾道
Fill in the blanks.?
?Ideally, a transfer price should be set that enables the individual divisions to maximise their profits at a?level of output that maximises ……………………. .?
?The transfer price which achieves this is unlikely to be a ……………….. transfer price or a?……………. transfer price.??
?If optimum decisions are to be taken, transfer prices should reflect …………………. .?
There are two profit centres, A and B. Profit centre A transfers a product to profit centre B, but?could also sell the product in an external market at a price of $30. The marginal cost of making the?product in profit centre A is $8 per unit and the full cost is $14 per unit. There would be a variable?cost of $1 per unit for sales and distribution to customers in the external market, but no such costs?for internal transfers.?
To avoid disputes between the profit centre managers, what should be the transfer price for the?product??
$ _______
What objectives might the following not for profit organisations have??
(a) An army? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (d) A political party?
(b) A local council? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?(e) A college?
(c) A charity?
One of the objectives of a local government body could be 'to provide adequate street lighting throughout?the area'.?
(a) How could the 'adequacy' of street lighting be measured??
(b) Assume that other objectives are to improve road safety in the area and to reduce crime. How?much does 'adequate' street lighting contribute to each of these aims??
(c) What is an excessive amount of money to pay for adequately lit streets, improved road safety and?reduced crime? How much is too little??
What general objectives of non profit seeking organisations are being described in each of the following??
(a) Maximising what is offered?
(b) Satisfying the wants of staff and volunteers?
(c) Equivalent to profit maximisation?
(d) Matching capacity available?
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